This report discusses the findings of a research project conducted in four different countries – Kenya, Rwanda, Madagascar and Colombia – and their respective national legal frameworks, in order to assess the state of farmers’ rights to seed and their level of compliance with international standards. The analysis investigates their respective legal framework considering how access to seeds and their biodiversity is valued through the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and how farmers’ rights are shaped under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP). The discussion of the findings is based on three key indicators: Plant Variety Protection (PVP) (1), Seed Trade Regulation (2) and Compliance (3). In all cases, we find that enforcement mechanisms disproportionately target commercial actors, while the main source of seed for smallholders, farmers’ seed systems, are often legally criminalized. Despite growing international commitments, such as the ITPGRFA and the UNDROP, our findings show that national implementation remains partial, contested, and often structurally misaligned with the realities of smallholder farmers.