The report argues that Namibia, Zambia, and Madagascar can use demand for critical energy transition minerals to move beyond raw-material exports and build more diversified, higher-value industries in solar PV and wind supply chains. It finds that success depends less on one-size-fits-all industrial policy than on sequenced, context-specific strategies: build capabilities gradually, strengthen implementation and monitoring, align industrialisation with broader development goals, use regional integration to overcome small markets, protect policy from short-term political pressures, and embed social and environmental sustainability from the start.