This report summarizes in twenty-three profiles the major armed conflicts in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas that occurred between 1 July 2024 and 31 December 2025 and their impact on civilians. Only situations of armed violence that amounted to an armed conflict under international law are covered (see Text Box 1 for details of the law). Most of the conflicts described below began before July 2024, but a few were short-lived, notably the international armed conflicts between Iran and Israel and between Iran and the United States in June 2025, or have since ended. One situation – the violence between the authorities in Haiti and the Viv Ansanm gang coalition that controls Port-au-Prince – is identified as an armed conflict for the first time. This classification means that serious violations of IHL by any party must now be treated – and prosecuted – as possible war crimes.1 Each of the twenty-three profiles details the classification of the salient armed conflicts; multiple conflicts may run in parallel in a single State. Recorded and reported violations of IHL are summarized in three main sections – attacks on civilians (anyone who is not a member of the armed forces); attacks on civilian objects (eg homes, hospitals, or schools); and the treatment of detainees and others who fall under the control of a party to an armed conflict. The manifold serious violations of IHL described, however, are no more than illustrative of the plethora of war crimes perpetrated during the report’s eighteen- month reporting period.